Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to reduce false crediting of exposure to video-on-demand media assets. Example apparatus disclosed herein include a signature matcher to compare a sequence of monitored media signatures to sequences of reference signatures representative of corresponding reference media assets, the sequence of monitored media signatures included in monitoring data reported by a media device meter, the sequences of reference signature stored in a library of reference signatures. Disclosed example apparatus also include a matched assets counter to determine a count of ones of the reference media assets represented by corresponding ones of the sequences of reference signatures determined to match the sequence of monitored media signatures. Disclosed examples further include a credit determiner to determine whether to credit media exposure to a first one of the reference media assets based on the count.

Abstract: A method consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure may begin with retrieving a message to be electronically transmitted. The method may proceed with digitally securing the message by generating a first digital signature for the message. The first digital signature may be added to a list of digital signatures for inclusion in the message. A list of allowed anticipated changes may be retrieved. In accordance to embodiments disclosed herein, the message may be pre-signed for the allowed anticipated changes. Pre-signing the message may comprise editing the message with each allowed anticipated change, generating a subsequent digital signature for the message edited with the allowed anticipated change, and adding the subsequent digital signature to the list of digital signatures for inclusion in the electronic message. This process may be repeated for each allowed anticipated change in the allowed anticipated changes.

Abstract: A method of creating and applying a self-authenticating digital identity for a user having an identity is described.

Abstract: An identity management server can be used to provide identity-based authentication and access control mechanism for devices trying to connect to a network or other devices on the network. The identity management server may authenticate a user associated with a device based on the past behavior information of the user received from another device associated with the user. The identity management server may generate a trust score based on multiple attributes associated with the user and the device, and authenticate the user if the trust score is within an acceptable limit. The identity management server may also generate access permissions for the device, which can be used by a network device to grant or deny access to the network.

Abstract: There is provided a wireless communication device that includes a communication unit that performs wireless communication with a connection device, and a control unit that encrypts a wireless communication channel with the connection device on the basis of a digital certificate issued by a certificate authority server. The communication unit receives payment information and a valid type of payment from the connection device via the encrypted wireless communication channel. The control unit determines a payment server on the basis of the valid type of payment and causes the communication unit to transmit a payment request based on the payment information to the payment server.

Abstract: A lifecycle management system for Controlled Objects is disclosed using a plurality of distinct databases in a plurality of domains. Methods for associating identifiable data records with identifiable Controlled Objects are disclosed. Methods and apparatus are disclosed for authorizing, recording and discontinuing use of a Controlled Object, including pairing of a plurality of Controlled Objects.

Abstract: Technologies for accelerated orchestration and attestation include multiple edge devices. An edge appliance device performs an attestation process with each of its components to generate component certificates. The edge appliance device generates an appliance certificate that is indicative of the component certificates and a current utilization of the edge appliance device and provides the appliance certificate to a relying party. The relying party may be an edge orchestrator device. The edge orchestrator device receives a workload scheduling request with a service level agreement requirement. The edge orchestrator device verifies the appliance certificate and determines whether the service level agreement requirement is satisfied based on the appliance certificate. If satisfied, the workload is scheduled to the edge appliance device. Attestation and generation of the appliance certificate by the edge appliance device may be performed by an accelerator of the edge appliance device.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing a compromised autonomous vehicle server are described herein. A processor may obtain an indication of a first server configured to control an autonomous vehicle being compromised. The autonomous vehicle may have previously been provisioned with a first public key. The first public key may be paired with a first private key. A processor may compile command information. The command information may include a command for the autonomous vehicle and a digital certificate of a second server configured to control the autonomous vehicle in the event of the first server being compromised. The digital certificate may include a second public key and may be signed with the first private key. The command may be signed with a second private key associated with the second server. The second private key may be paired with the second public key.

Abstract: A method to generate a trusted certificate on an endpoint appliance located in an untrusted network, wherein client devices are configured to trust a first Certificate Authority (CA) that is administered by the untrusted network. In this approach, an overlay network is configured between the endpoint appliance and an origin server associated with the endpoint appliance. The overlay comprises an edge machine located proximate the endpoint appliance, and an associated key management service. A second CA is configured in association with the key management service to receive a second certificate signed by the first CA. A third CA is configured in association with the edge machine to receive a third certificate signed by the second CA. In response to a request from the appliance, a server certificate signed by the third CA is dynamically generated and provided to the appliance.

Abstract: A data communication network comprises Provider Edge (PE) circuitry and Customer Edge (CE) circuitry. The PE circuitry boots a trusted PE processor that transfers a hardware-trust hash and receives a hardware-trust certificate. The CE circuitry boots a trusted CE processor that transfers a hardware-trust hash and receives a hardware-trust certificate. The trusted PE circuitry and the trusted CE circuitry exchange and validate the hardware-trust certificates to establish a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) across the network edge. The trusted PE circuitry and the trusted CE circuitry encrypt and exchange trusted user data in the TEE across the network edge.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing a compromised autonomous vehicle server are described herein. A processor may obtain an indication of a first server configured to control an autonomous vehicle being compromised. The autonomous vehicle may have previously been provisioned with a first public key. The first public key may be paired with a first private key. A processor may compile command information. The command information may include a command for the autonomous vehicle and a digital certificate of a second server configured to control the autonomous vehicle in the event of the first server being compromised. The digital certificate may include a second public key and may be signed with the first private key. The command may be signed with a second private key associated with the second server. The second private key may be paired with the second public key.

Abstract: Various embodiments are generally directed to techniques to form secure communications between two computing devices in which the chain of trust of those communications is extended to a particular application routine executed by one of the two computing devices. An apparatus includes a processor component; a verifying component to verify a link attestation credential received from a server to verify an ability of the server to form a secure pipeline, and to signal an application routine with an indication of a result of the verification by the verifying component; and a hash component to generate a return hash of a return signature associated with the application routine to indicate to the server that the application routine has also verified the link attestation credential to form the secure pipeline between the server and the application routine. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for server authentication in a content delivery network are provided. Various embodiments include a content delivery network obtaining multiple digital certificates from multiple certificate authorities. When a client attempts to access the content delivery network, the network serves the client a digital certificate and then monitors the authentication of the certificate. If the authentication fails, the content delivery network serves the client another digital certificate that was issued from a different certificate authority. In other embodiments, the content delivery network constantly monitors the function of each certificate authority. The content delivery network constantly pings each certificate authority. If any one of the certificate authorities fails to respond to the pings, the content delivery network will presume the certificate authority is non-operational and will stop using certificates from the non-operational certificate authorities until they resume operation.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention is directed to a translation layer that intercepts a token and converts new group names into old entitlement verbiage based on data loaded at start-up (e.g., hash map, etc.) from a configuration file. The old entitlement verbiage may be loaded into the User Session just as it would have been if the entitlements had come from within the old application authorization structure. The remainder of the application is unaware that the authorization source has changed.

Abstract: The present disclosure involves a sidechain testing system and method for improving security and stability of a smart contract.

Abstract: A system for committing event data includes an interface and a processor. The interface is configured to receive input data and receive a client key. The processor is configured to generate an Nth sequence number; determine an Nth event hash using the input data, an N?1 signature, and the Nth sequence number; encrypt the Nth event hash with the client key to generate an Nth signature; generate an Nth event from the input data, the N?1 signature, the Nth sequence number, and the Nth signature; and, in response to an aggregate N?1 of one or more prior events being valid, apply Nth event onto the aggregate N?1.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for providing certifications.

Abstract: A method for managing a post-hoc device registration in an ecosystem is provided. The method includes assembling an electronic device, having a system on a chip (SoC) integrated therein. The method further includes activating/onboarding the device, receiving, by a CA from the device, a communication containing at least one keypair, validating, from the CA to the device, the at least one keypair, triggering, by the CA, data capture of validation data. The validation data includes user registration data, and manufacture/status data for least one of the device and the SoC. The captured validation data is stored in a database of the CA, and then aggregated, along with the received at least one keypair, from the CA database into a billing invoice to the device assembler. The registration data is referenced to the at least one keypair and other validation data by the CA.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure provide techniques to improve security in blockchain networks. In some implementations, a linking request is received from a node. The node requests to be linked to a blockchain network. The linking request includes a digital code. One or more consensus verification messages are received from one or more blockchain nodes of the blockchain network. Each consensus verification message indicates whether a respective blockchain node approves or denies the linking request. A consensus verification result is determined based on the one or more consensus verification messages. In response to determining that the linking request is approved by the one or more blockchain nodes, the digital code is stored into the blockchain network as a digital certificate of the node.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure provide techniques to improve security in blockchain networks. In some implementations, a linking request is received from a node. The node requests to be linked to a blockchain network. The linking request includes a digital code. One or more consensus verification messages are received from one or more blockchain nodes of the blockchain network. Each consensus verification message indicates whether a respective blockchain node approves or denies the linking request. A consensus verification result is determined based on the one or more consensus verification messages. In response to determining that the linking request is approved by the one or more blockchain nodes, the digital code is stored into the blockchain network as a digital certificate of the node.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for enabling the automatic detection of executable code from a stream of bytes. In some embodiments, the stream of bytes can be sourced from the hidden areas of files that traditional malware detection solutions ignore. In some embodiments, a machine learning model is trained to detect whether a particular stream of bytes is executable code. Other embodiments described herein disclose systems and methods for automatic feature extraction using a neural network. Given a new file, the systems and methods may preprocess the code to be inputted into a trained neural network. The neural network may be used as a “feature generator” for a malware detection model. Other embodiments herein are directed to systems and methods for identifying, flagging, and/or detecting threat actors which attempt to obtain access to library functions independently.

Abstract: A technique includes receiving a request from a first electronic device to connect to a network and receiving a first part from the first electronic device. The technique includes regulating onboarding of the first electronic device. Regulating the onboarding includes authenticating the first electronic device. Authenticating the first electronic device includes communicating with a plurality of electronic devices that are connected to the network to receive a set of second secret parts; constructing a first secret from the first secret part and the set of second secret parts; and comparing the first secret to a second secret. Regulating the onboarding of the first electronic device includes allowing the first electronic device to connect to the network based on a result of the comparison.

Abstract: A method of a local bundle assistant (LBA) negotiating a certificate with a secondary platform bundle manager (SPBM) in a wireless communication system including: transmitting a request message requesting information of certificates supported by a secondary secure platform (SSP) to a secondary platform bundle loader (SPBL) of the SSP; receiving the information of certificates supported by the SSP including information of certificate issuers corresponding to a family identifier from the SPBL; transmitting the information of certificates supported by the SSP to the SPBM; and receiving a certificate of the SPBM for key agreement, information of public key identifiers of certificate issuers to be used by the SSP, and information of the family identifier from the SPBM.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for retrieving blockchain data are disclosed. One method comprises: receiving a data retrieving request that comprises a target transaction identifier; identifying a transaction storage location that corresponds to the target transaction identifier as a target transaction storage location based on a pre-stored correspondence between transaction identifiers of transactions recorded on a blockchain associated with the blockchain network and transaction storage locations of the transactions; and retrieving data from the target transaction storage location in the blockchain.

Abstract: There is provided a method to playback content in a ROM having a ROM ID. The method includes copying the content from the ROM to a RAM having a RAM ID, copying the ROM ID to a memory accessible to a RAM controller, transmitting a license request from the RAM controller to a license server, the license request comprising a RAM controller ID, the ROM ID and a request for a content license to play back the content from the RAM; receiving the content license including a right for the playback of the content from the RAM, and a content key, decrypting the content license by the RAM controller, according to the RAM controller secret associated with the RAM controller ID, to recover and provide the content key to a playback module, decrypting the content using the content key to generate a decrypted content, and playing back the decrypted content.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application provide a certificate management method and apparatus in an NFV architecture. The certificate management method includes: determining, by an MANO, a storage network element, where the storage network element is configured to store a certificate of a VNFC, and the storage network element is different from the VNFC; creating, by the MANO, storage space in the storage network element, where the storage space is used to store the certificate of the VNFC; and sending, by the MANO, an address of the storage space to the VNFC, so that the VNFC accesses the address of the storage space, obtains the certificate of the VNFC, and directly communicates with another network element by using the certificate stored in the storage network element. The VNFC does not locally store the certificate.

Abstract: Using electronic devices (such as cellular telephones) that communicate wirelessly, two individuals can make person-to-person payments. In particular, an individual using an electronic device may identify another proximate electronic device of a counterparty in a financial transaction, and may provide an encrypted payment packet to the other electronic device that includes: a financial credential for a financial account of the individual, a payment amount, and a payment sign. When the other electronic device receives the encrypted payment applet, the counterparty may accept the payment in the financial transaction specified by the encrypted payment packet. Then, the other electronic device may provide the encrypted payment packet and another encrypted payment packet (with a financial credential for a financial account of the counterparty, the payment amount and the opposite payment sign) to a third party that completes the financial transaction.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a storage data encryption and decryption method, including: providing a true random number generator configured to generate a plurality of keys; providing a data memory configured to store data and a key memory configured to store keys, and writing the keys into the key memory; and providing a data reading and writing interface module configured to read and write data, and providing a data encryption and decryption module configured to read the keys and perform encryption and decryption operations. The data written by the data reading and writing interface module is encrypted by the data encryption and decryption module and written into the data memory. The data read from the data memory is decrypted by the data encryption and decryption module and read to the data reading and writing interface module.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for storing and managing encrypted electronic information, which enables on-demand access to a data owner's encrypted electronic information only to the data owner or to authorized data recipients, and only so long as the authorization is not rescinded by the data owner. The authorized data recipient's access to the data owner's information is limited solely to those portions of the data owner's encrypted electronic information designated by the data owner. Moreover, the authorized data recipient's limited access to the encrypted electronic information is accomplished without ever revealing or exposing the data owner's secret or private encryption key(s) to the authorized data recipient. The data owner can also immediately disable this access at any time by rescinding the access authority, if so desired, thereby terminating the authorized recipient's access to any existing information on the system, or any additional information yet to be uploaded, encrypted and stored on the system.

Abstract: A method of controlling an information processing apparatus and an information processing apparatus are provided. The information processing apparatus detects whether or not a control program stored in a storage has been falsified, updates the control program to a valid control program in accordance with a detection of the detecting unit that the control program has been falsified, and initializes setting data set in the information processing apparatus in accordance with an update of the control program.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer-readable media, for verified boot and key rotation. In some implementations, a device extracts a public key from a secure data storage area of the device. The device extracts a first certificate for an intermediate key and a second certificate for a signing key, the first certificate and the second certificate being extracted from a system image. The device verifies a signature of the first certificate using the public key. After verifying the signature of the first certificate, the device verifies the second certificate using a public key in the first certificate. In response to verifying the second certificate, the device loads the system image during a boot process of the device.

Abstract: A system includes a first server and a second server. The second server receives a value from a first device, possibly via the first server, and stores the value. In response to a request from a second device, the second server then determines the value and sends the value to the second device. In this fashion, verification can be made that the first device is in communications with the first server.

Abstract: There is provided methods and apparatuses for secure updating of firmware/software. The methods and apparatus can be enabled by making use of the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to request the revocation status of certificates in the certificate chain. In particular, a method called ‘OCSP stapling’ can ensure the validity of the certificates or verify authenticity of the software/firmware. By virtue of features of the OCSP stapling, the user device does not need to contact CAs directly for the purpose of verifying the status of the certificates that ensure authenticity and integrity of the delivered software/firmware and thus is not required to open an extra communication channel to obtain status of certificates. This process can also reduce the burden on CAs because the CAs are neither required to keep a large volume of CRLs nor to maintain connection with user devices for which the CAs are responsible.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments within, a securable independent electronic document apparatus is taught. With an authenticable and tamper detectable electronic container, elements and sections supporting platform, vendor and authentication independence, data sections and elements supporting, if user desired, digital signatures, data automation and nested embedding, graphical image data, and/or other types of data elements and sections supporting perceptual integrity and authenticity verification, and/or other free formatted data elements and sections supporting a plurality of types of data processing operations, and, if user desired, imaging representation comprised within a container using a securable and independent system. The securable independent electronic document apparatus presents solutions for the personal unique and interwoven creation and enhancement of user and document security and confidence in electronic data information's digital distribution, commerce, trade, publishing and/or exchange.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed in which a node of a peer-to-peer (P2P) network supporting a blockchain is able to restart following network or power disruption (or is able to initially join the blockchain network) by bootstrapping information from one or more peer nodes in the P2P network. The bootstrapping operation involves communication between the Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) of the two or more nodes. The system and method ensure that the retrieval of data related to the blockchain state are not from untrusted parts of the peer node(s) and the data has not been tampered with (avoidance of replay attacks).

Abstract: The present invention relates to the technical field of computer software analysis and discloses an RFC-directed differential testing method of certificate validations in a SSL/TLS implementations which includes: extracting rules from RFC and updating the rules, classifying the rules, further classifying consumer rules and shared rules into breakable rules and unbreakable rules, expressing the rules as variables, and generating a symbolic program; generating low-level test cases by applying the dynamic symbolic execution technique to the symbolic program; assembling high-level test cases i.e. digital certificates according to the low-level test cases; and employing the assembled digital certificates to the differential testing of the certificate validation in SSL/TLS implementations.

Abstract: This disclosure is related to devices, systems, and techniques for automatically generating software packages to provide Secure Computation as a Service (SCaaS). For example, a computing device includes processing circuitry configured to receive a set of information comprising an indication of a first party and an indication of a second party. Additionally, the processing circuitry is configured to generate, based on the set of information, a first software package corresponding to the first party, the first software package configured to implement a secure computation, and generate, based on the set of information, a second software package corresponding to the second party, the second software package configured to implement the secure computation. Additionally, the processing circuitry is configured to export the first software package and export the second software package, enabling the first party device and the second party device to perform the secure computation.

Abstract: A computing device is provisioned to be remotely managed by a current owner. The device has an initial cryptographic basis of trust, and an owner identifier that facilitates establishment of communication with the current owner of the device. The ownership may change one or more times while the device may remain inoperative. Later, the device receives a transfer-of-ownership indication, which it verifies against the initial basis of trust to establish a new current owner. The device may then communicate with a device management service of the new current owner based on the transfer-of-ownership indication.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product embodiments for certificate tracking. An embodiment operates by a computer implemented method that includes receiving, by at least one processor of a certificate manager, a first request from a client device and sending a second request for a root certificate to a certificate authority. The method further includes receiving the root certificate from the certificate authority and sending a third request to the certificate authority for one or more additional certificates. The method further includes receiving the one or more additional certificates from the certificate authority and storing the root certificate and the one or more additional certificates. The certificate manager and the certificate authority can be located on different networks.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer readable storage medium including instructions that, when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform operations. The operations include collecting, by a processing device, raw data regarding a user action. The operations also include converting, by the processing device, the raw data to characteristic test data (CTD), wherein the CTD represents behavior characteristics of a current user. The operations also include identifying, by the processing device, a characteristic model corresponding to the behavior characteristics represented by the CTD. The operations also include generating, by the processing device, a predictor from a comparison of the CTD against the corresponding characteristic model, wherein the predictor comprises a score indicating a probability that the user action came from an authenticated user.

Abstract: A method and system for embedded personalized communication have been disclosed. According to one embodiment, a computer-implemented method comprises providing software code to be embedded in a webpage. The webpage is loaded including the software code. A configuration file is fetched from a configuration server in response to the software code. A first instant messaging user interface is rendered on the webpage. A request is sent to a web-based instant messaging server, the request initiating an instant messaging session with a second instant messaging user interface.

Abstract: It is provided a method, including checking if an indication is received that a certificate installed in a communication entity is to be revoked at a revocation time in the future; preparing, if the indication is received, a first revocation list, wherein the first revocation list includes an identifier of the certificate and the revocation time; providing the first revocation list to the communication entity.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for information protection comprises: committing a transaction amount of a transaction with a first commitment scheme to obtain a transaction commitment value, committing a change of the transaction with a second commitment scheme to obtain a change commitment value, the first commitment scheme comprising a transaction blinding factor, and the second commitment scheme comprising a change blinding factor; encrypting a first combination of the change blinding factor and the change with a first key; transmitting the transaction blinding factor, the transaction amount, and the transaction commitment value to a recipient node associated with a recipient for the recipient node to verify the transaction; in response to that the recipient successfully verifies the transaction, obtaining an encrypted second combination of the transaction blinding factor and the transaction amount encrypted with a second key.

Abstract: An embodiment herein provides a processor implemented method for blockchain-based authentication of a user using a user device, that includes (i) obtaining an identify information associated with an identity document of the user; (ii) storing the identity information, and a set of credentials, with a blockchain to link the identity information with the set of credentials for the user; (iii) obtaining a cryptographic challenge from a relying party device when a record that includes a user identity information of the user and the set of credentials associated with the user identity information for the user device is found to be stored with the blockchain; and (iv) transmitting a response to the cryptographic challenge to the relying party device. The relying party device checks whether the response matches with a predetermined correct response or not. The relying party device authenticates the user only if the response matches with the predetermined correct response.

Abstract: According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, an electronic device is provided, comprising: an attack detection unit arranged to detect one or more attacks on the electronic device; a countermeasure unit arranged to apply countermeasures against the attacks detected by the attack detection unit; a threat level determination unit arranged to determine a threat level corresponding to the attacks detected by the attack detection unit; wherein the countermeasure unit is further arranged to activate one or more specific ones of said countermeasures in dependence on the threat level determined by the threat level determination unit. According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a corresponding method of protecting an electronic device is conceived. According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, a corresponding computer program product is provided.

Abstract: In some examples, with respect to zone based key version encoding, data that is to be encrypted may be ascertained, and a key, including a key version, that is to be used to encrypt the ascertained data may be ascertained. Encrypted data may be generated by encrypting the ascertained data based on the ascertained key, and a zone representing the key version may be determined. Further, encrypted zoned data may be generated by applying the determined zone to the encrypted data to encode the key version, and the encrypted zoned data including the encoded key version may be stored.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to authenticate a user with a mobile device. In one embodiment, a computing device includes a short-range radio and a secure element. The computing device reads, via the short-range radio, a portion of credential information stored in a circuit embedded in an identification document issued by an authority to a user for establishing an identity of the user. The computing device issues, to the authority, a request to store the credential information, the request specifying the portion of the credential information. In response to an approval of the request, the computing device stores the credential information in the secure element, the credential information being usable to establish the identity of the user. In some embodiments, the identification document is a passport that includes a radio-frequency identification (RFID) circuit storing the credential information, and the request specifies a passport number read from the RFID circuit.

Abstract: A data generation apparatus includes a processor that executes a process including obtaining target data sequentially from time-series data, the target data including n (n being an integer greater than or equal to 2) data items in a predetermined section of the time-series data, calculating parameter information satisfying a (k?1) order polynomial based on the target data, the (k?1) order polynomial including k random values, k being an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than n, associating the target data to the parameter information, outputting the target data and the parameter information associated to the target data, attaching a signature to secret information based on a secret distributed protocol. The secret information is calculable by using k pairs of data including the target data and the parameter information associated to the target data, and outputting the secret information attached with the signature.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to discrete data containers and, more particularly, to management of data stored in discrete data containers. Embodiments herein disclose methods and systems to update data present within a data container, when a user accessing the data, present within the data container, has updated the data. Embodiments herein disclose a method and system for enabling modifications of data present in data containers, wherein de-containerized data associated with a data container can be modified by at least one user and the modifications by the user can be reflected in real-time to the data in the data container.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed for allowing content providers to protect against widespread copying of their content, while enabling them to give their customers more freedom in the way they use the content. In accordance with one embodiment, content providers identify their content as protected by watermarking the content. Consumers use compliant devices to access protected content. All of a user's compliant devices, or all of a family's devices, can be organized into an authorized domain. This authorized domain is used by content providers to create a logical boundary in which they can allow users increased freedom to use their content.